Are All Religions Basically The Same?

argon All Religions Basic eithery The Same?Imagine that three flock ar tout ensemble touching a part of an elephant. The first is touching the elephants leg and says that the elephant is like the truck of a tree. The second is touching the elephants trunk and disagrees with the first. They think that the trunk is much like a large snake. The third person thinks that the elephant is more like a great wall because they are toughing the side.Each person is convinced that they are right and the others are wrong because of what they cut and have experienced. What they dont realize is that they are all technically right because they are each describing a antithetic aspect of the elephant. The homogeneous relation back be applied to the major religions of the world.In 1973, John rube discussed the idea for a paradigm shift in thinking about different religions in his book God and the Universe of Faiths. unsophisticateds idea is that the different religions could be viewed as dif ferent hu domain responses to champion divine pragmatism In a later book, bumpkin presented a theory that attempted to explain all the religions. rube refers to this theory as a pluralistic hypothesis and defines it as that all religions tail be described as culturally conditioned responses to the same ultimate reality.This theory faces one major difficulty though, the contradicting claims that each different religions makes. How can it be possible that all major religions are responses of the same ultimate reality if they contradict one another? For a pluralistic view to be pat, the hypothesis has to sufficiently explain how religions can make incompatible claims while at the same time be responses of the same ultimate reality.To overcome this difficulty, Hick attempts to explain four critical concomitantors (1) people are inherently religious (2) the substantial diversity of the content of religious beliefs (3) that religious beliefs are not an phantasy and (4) that basica lly e precise religion positively changes its followers lives.Hick doesnt spend much time on the first two factors because they are self-evident to most. To show the third factor Hick examines naturalism and absolutism. Naturalism is the belief that only natural laws and forces operate in the world and that nothing exists beyond the natural world. Hick believes that the universe can be understood when looking at it from this perspective. What he does not find plausible with the claim is that all religious beliefs are delusional.Absolutism, in contrast to naturalism, generally accepts a realist view of religious phenomena. Absolutism is also setup so that only one system of religious beliefs is exactly reliable and all other religions which disagree with it are false. Hick rejects this attitude because although absolutism may seem plausible when looking at only one religion, finishing to the real world leaves it highly implausible. Also if absolutism were true, empirical evidence would exist to confirm it.It is obvious that different religions hold conflicting beliefs on several(prenominal) aspects. It seems obvious enough also that almost every religion has positive moral change on its believers. So it implausible to believe that only one religion is true and it is the people who believe this that Hicks hypothesis has the most appeal to because it provides the framework for the claim that any religion which positively affects its believers lives is valid. However, for the hypothesis to be plausible it must sufficiently cover the conflicting truth-claims problem.A difficulty Hicks pluralistic hypothesis faces is the conflicting belief systems of various religions. In Hicks book An Interpretation of Religion, Hick claims that all religions au thentically experience what he defines as the Real. Yet each religion has beliefs that are different and often contradict other religions. The research then is if different belief systems and conflicting truth-claims le aves Hicks pluralistic theory implausible.Hick does not believe that conflicting truth-claims disproves his theory but they do present a difficulty. Hick devotes an entire chapter in An Interpretation of Religion to discussing them, covering three separate points on which religions tend to disagree on. First are matters of historical fact, then matters of trans-historical fact and differing conceptions of the Real.Hick believes that these disagreements can be resolved by applying the historical method but it proves to be difficult. One reason is because many historical claims of religions have no other historical support outside the religion that makes them. Hick reasons that historical differences just must be accepted, because many are not over profound articles of faith. Hicks basic financial statement is that most historical disagreements cannot be resolved and since the disagreements are not related to the essence of any religion, resolving them is not critical to the argumen t and therefore the disagreements do not create a problem for his hypothesis.Later in is his book, Hick considers conflicting trans-historical truth-claims. He defines them as having to do with questions to which there is, in principle, a true answer but which cannot be established by historical or other empirical evidence. Two examples he gives are the personality of the universe and the fate at death of human beings.The nature of the universe has been a main departure between theistic and non-theistic religions. In applying Hicks definition, this is a dispute to which there is, in principle, only one valid answer. Nevertheless, the question cannot currently be answered, even by modern science because current scientific cosmologies can be companionable with either perspective.The fate at death of human beings is another example of conflicting trans-historical truth claims. This conflict mainly arises between east and western religions. Eastern religions emphasize multiple reinca rnations or rebirths after death. Western theistic religions claim though that a person lives a single flavor that is followed by judgment at death to determine their eternal fate.These points are important to Hicks pluralistic hypothesis. In Hicks examination of various religions, he does not today address different religions different beliefs of what happens at death because despite the differing beliefs, Hick reasons that every faith helps its people develop morally which he believes is an essential force of the switch from self-centeredness to Reality-centeredness. On this basis, he argues that these differences do not hamper salvation/liberation and therefore do not present any problems for his hypothesis.In his book, Hick also examines conflicting beliefs about the ultimate Reality. Hicks hypothesis asserts that all religions are correct interpretations of the Real. However, one obvious problem of this is the drastically different judgment of the Real that each religion ho lds. As Hick previously claims, each religions deity is a correct, yet different face of the Real and since no concepts, categories, or distinctions can be applied to the Real, this prevents any potential contradiction between religions.So the differences between the basic concepts and practices of different religions, the different (and often) conflicting historical and trans-historical beliefs and the vary belief systems on which all of them are formed, are harmonious with Hicks pluralistic hypothesis. Compatible in that the multiple world religions constitute different conceptions and perceptions of, and responses to, the Real from indoors the different cultural ways of being human.However, Hicks hypothesis does not offer a satisfactory explanation of the problem of the conflicting truth-claims of the different religions. In modulate for Hicks hypothesis to be probable it has to be free from internal contradictions and accurately explain religious phenomena. It cannot sufficie ntly meet either of these conditions.This paper began with the scenario of three people each touching a different part of an elephant. This metaphor is basically a simplified version of Hicks hypothesis. Each religion is like a man who is unable to see the elephant as the whole it really is.But how do we know that the people are all describing the same elephant? Perhaps the first was truly holding the truck of a tree and the second was actually holding a fire hose and the third was touching the side of a building. This scenario has a critical flaw, it assumes the same thing it allegedly proves, that all three were touching an elephant.Furthermore, the scenario described does not really describe the worlds religions. None of the descriptions were conflicting, just different. What if each of the statements make about the elephant contradicted the statements of the others? Would it still be possible to assume that everyone is describing the same elephant? How much contradiction is req uired before it becomes clear that its not the same elephant everyone is describing? This same question can be applied to Hicks hypothesis. With the conflicting truth-claims of various religions, is it really reasonable to accept Hicks claim that all religions are just different interpretations of the same reality?Hick addresses the credibility of the possibility that every religion worships the same God and just refers to him by different names in Disputed Questions, entitled Jews, Christians, Muslims Do We All Worship the Same God? He concludes that the trouble of this claim is that the various descriptions have to be compatible. The same criticism Hick applied against that stick can be applied to Hicks own hypothesis. The differences between religions are far too great for his hypothesis to be plausible.Sensitivity depth psychology Applications and IssuesSensitivity Analysis Applications and IssuesFor a given linear programming model, finding the optimal solution is of major imp ortance. But it is not the only information available. There is a very good amount of aesthesia information. It is basically the information that accounts for what happens when info values are changed.Sensitivity analysis basically talks about how the uncertainity in the outturn of a model can be attributed to different sources of uncertainity in the input model. Uncertainity analysis is a related practice which quantifies the uncertainity in the output of a model. In an ideal situation, uncertainity and sensitivity analysis must run in tandem.If a study is carried out which involves nearly form of statistical modelling (forming mathematical equations involving variables), sensitivity analysis is used in order to investigate exactly how robust the study is. It is also used for a wide range of other purposes including lastity making, error checking in models, understanding the relationship between input and output variables and enhancing communication between the people who mak e the decisions and the people involved in constructing the models.For example, we know that there are some variables which are always uncertain in a budgeting process. Operating expenses, future tax rates, interest rates etc. Are some of the variables which may not be known with a great amount of accuracy. In this regard sensitivity analysis basically helps us in understanding that if these variables deviate from their expected values, then how will the business, model or system that is being analyzed will be affected.An assurance called certainty assumption needs to be invoked in order to formulate a problem as a linear program. The assumption involved knowing what value the data took on, and decisions are made based on that data. However, this assumption is somewhat doubtful the data might be unknown, or guessed at, or otherwise inaccurate. Thus, determining the result on the optimal decisions if the values are changed is clearly not feasible because some numbers in the data ar e more important than others. female genitalia we find the important numbers? Can we determine the effect of misestimation?In order to address these questions, linear programming is very handy. Data changes are showed up in the optimal table. A case study using involving sensitivity analysis is worked upon using solver in the later part of the report.1.2. tableau SENSITIVITY ANALYSISAssume that we solve a linear program by ourselves which ends up with an optimal table (or tableau to use a more technical term).We know what an optimal table looks like It has all the non-negative values in the trend 0 (which we also refer to as the cost row), all non-negative right-hand-side values, and an identity matrix embedded. If we have to determine the effect of a change in the data, we will have to try and determine how that change affected the final tableau and thus, try and reform the final tableau accordingly.1.2.1. COST CHANGESThe first change that we will consider is changing the cost va lue by some delta in the original problem. The original problem and the optimal table are already given. If the same exact calculations are done with the modified problem, we would have the same final optimal table except that the corresponding cost entry would be lower by delta (this happens because the only operations which we do with the first row are add or subtract scalar multiples of it through m to other rows we never add or subtract the scalar multiples of row 0 to the other rows). For example,let us take the problemMax 3x+2ySubject tox+y = 01 + delta = 0which holds for -1 = 5.4 11NZ DISTILLATE DAN + DJN + DUN = 8.7 12US DISTILLATE DUP + DUN

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings :: essays research papers

1. What Does Marguerite observe about the cotton pickers?She notices that their attitudes depend on the time of day. She says in the morning they are across-the-board of life and in the evening they are tired out and dismal from all the work.2. Why do white people seem un-real to Marguerite? She verbalise white people s feet were too small, and their skin was see-through, and they walked on their heels, not on the balls of their feet.3. Explain how their education in Stamps prepared Marguerite and Bailey. How is school assorted in St. Louis from the one they attended in Stamps? Marguerite and Bailey were prepared for school because of their education in Stamps. They learned arithmetic through running(a)s in their store and they give tongue to they read so much in Stamps because there was nothing else to do. They also state the schools were distinct because of their teachers.The teachers in Stamps, they utter, were very formal they came imported from a pitch blackness Colleg e in Arkansas. The teachers in St. Louis were very siddity they were very strict and had the same characteristics that white folk had.The walked with their knees together and their lips tight.4. How does Ritie feel about Mr. Freemans death? She said she felt punishable and had forfeited her place in heaven. She said she was pure evil,because she had lied about him in court and that this lie caused his death.5. Why is Ritie so offended that she wants to quit working for Mrs. Cullinan? How does she get out of her job? Mrs. Cullinan calls Ritie not by her given name, Marguerite, but by the name of Mary, which annoys Ritie. She is fired after she intentionally breaks some of Mrs. Cullinans valuable family dishes.6. advertise what happens at Rities eighth grade graduation. Ritie is angered that whites only think that negroes are only good for being athletes, maids, and other small jobs. She hates how blacks are supressed.7. How is Miss Kirwin different from Rities other teachers? Riti e says Miss Kirwin was in love with information that she really wanted to share her knowledge. She also addressed the students as "ladies and gentlemen."8. How has Bailey c stringed while Ritie was gone? Rities relationship with Bailey is weakening. Bailey has started to precipitate out with other groups. He does not talk to Ritie as much as they used to.9. How does Ritie respond to the obstacles she encounters when she wants to get a job?I bop Why The Caged Bird Sings essays research papers 1. What Does Marguerite observe about the cotton pickers?She notices that their attitudes depend on the time of day. She says in the morning they are intact of life and in the evening they are tired out and dismal from all the work.2. Why do white people seem un-real to Marguerite? She said white people s feet were too small, and their skin was see-through, and they walked on their heels, not on the balls of their feet.3. Explain how their education in Stamps prepared Marguerite an d Bailey. How is school different in St. Louis from the one they attended in Stamps? Marguerite and Bailey were prepared for school because of their education in Stamps. They learned arithmetic through working in their store and they said they read so much in Stamps because there was nothing else to do. They also said the schools were different because of their teachers.The teachers in Stamps, they said, were very formal they came imported from a Negro College in Arkansas. The teachers in St. Louis were very siddity they were very strict and had the same characteristics that white folk had.The walked with their knees together and their lips tight.4. How does Ritie feel about Mr. Freemans death? She said she felt dishonored and had forfeited her place in heaven. She said she was pure evil,because she had lied about him in court and that this lie caused his death.5. Why is Ritie so offended that she wants to quit working for Mrs. Cullinan? How does she get out of her job? Mrs. Cullin an calls Ritie not by her given name, Marguerite, but by the name of Mary, which annoys Ritie. She is fired after she intentionally breaks some of Mrs. Cullinans valuable family dishes.6. pick out what happens at Rities eighth grade graduation. Ritie is angered that whites only think that Negroes are only good for being athletes, maids, and other small jobs. She hates how blacks are supressed.7. How is Miss Kirwin different from Rities other teachers? Ritie says Miss Kirwin was in love with information that she really wanted to share her knowledge. She also addressed the students as "ladies and gentlemen."8. How has Bailey changed while Ritie was gone? Rities relationship with Bailey is weakening. Bailey has started to hang out with other groups. He does not talk to Ritie as much as they used to.9. How does Ritie respond to the obstacles she encounters when she wants to get a job?

A World Unknown (my Trip To Europe) Essay -- essays research papers

Ever since I was a little girl I hallucinationed about traveling overseas. Strange lands, exciting places, and new cultures have always fascinated me. Ive always wondered what it would be like to speak another wording, to turn over up learning different customs, or to live in a completely different way than I do now. This past summer my dream finally came true. I got to travel to England, France, Switzerland, and Germany with Mme. Kelly and five other girls, and suddenly the world was at my fingertips.Englands green hills and city life is unforgettable. Kensington, Westminster Abby, and Piccadelli Circus are just a few parts of London full of historic cathedrals, quaint little cafes, and amazing shopping places. Harrods, where the royal family shops, supposedly sales any and everything. My favorite deliver in London was riding The Underground to see the broadway play Fosse and watching the changing of the guards at Buckingham Palace. England overall isnt too different from the S tates. The same language is spoken and their currency, the pound, is very similar to an U.S. dollar. However, driving on the left side of the road is hard to get use to.The Eiffel Tower, The Arc de Triomphe, The Lourve, The obelisk, La Place de la Concorde, and Notre Dame are all located in the heart of Paris, France. Paris with its French cuisine, romantic atmosphere and historical self-being fills you with a sense of complete contentment. Ill neer forget sitting at a French cafe, eating a baguette, ...

The Neo-Kantians and the Logicist Definition of Number :: Mathematics Math Mathematical Papers

The Neo-Kantians and the Logicist Definition of NumberABSTRACT The takings of Russells The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and Couturats Les principes des mathematiques (1905) incited several prominent neo-Kantians to make up their mind roughly the logicist program. In this paper, I shall address the critiques presented by the following neo-Kantians Paul Natorp, Ernst Cassirer and Jonas Cohn. They argued that Russells attempt to deduce the number concept from the carve up concept is a petitio principii. Russell replied that the sense in which e rattling(prenominal) object is one must be distinguished from the sense in which one is a number. I state that Russell was wrong in dismissing the neo-Kantian argument as an elementary discursive error. To accept Russells distinction would be to accept at least part of Russells logicist program. The expression a crystalize with one member would presuppose the number one altogether if one concurrently accepted the analysis which mat hematical logic provides for it (the class u has one member when u is not null and x and y be us implies x and y are identical). My point is that the aforementioned analysis provided by mathematical logic was something that the neo-Kantians were not ready to accept. Although Frege create the first informal exposition of his logicist programme in gnarl Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884), his thesis that all mathematics follows from logic was almost completely neglected in Germany for a long time. Frege remained an isolated figure whose works were either potently criticised or completely neglected by German philosophers. Freges ideas started to have an impact in Germany only in the first decade of the twentieth century. In particular, the publication of Bertand Russells The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and Louis Couturats Les principes des mathmatiques (1905) incited several prominent German philosophers to state their opinion about mathematical logic and the logicist programme. In this paper I shall discuss how the neo-Kantians Paul Natorp (1854-1924), Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945) and Jonas Cohn (1869-1947) criticised Russells and Freges theories of number. The study of their criticism will also throw some light on the historical origins of the current situation in philosophy, that is, on the soften between analytic and Continental philosophy. 1. The logicist definition of number as a class of classes correspond to Russell, the goal of the logicist programme is to show thatall pure mathematics deals exclusively with concepts definable in terms of a very small number of entire logical concepts, and that all its propositions are deducible from a very small number of fundamental logical principles (Russell 1903 v).The Neo-Kantians and the Logicist Definition of Number Mathematics Math numeric PapersThe Neo-Kantians and the Logicist Definition of NumberABSTRACT The publication of Russells The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and Couturats Les principes de s mathematiques (1905) incited several prominent neo-Kantians to make up their mind about the logicist program. In this paper, I shall discuss the critiques presented by the following neo-Kantians Paul Natorp, Ernst Cassirer and Jonas Cohn. They argued that Russells attempt to deduce the number concept from the class concept is a petitio principii. Russell replied that the sense in which every object is one must be distinguished from the sense in which one is a number. I claim that Russell was wrong in dismissing the neo-Kantian argument as an elementary logical error. To accept Russells distinction would be to accept at least part of Russells logicist program. The expression a class with one member would presuppose the number one only if one simultaneously accepted the analysis which mathematical logic provides for it (the class u has one member when u is not null and x and y are us implies x and y are identical). My point is that the aforementioned analysis provided by mathematica l logic was something that the neo-Kantians were not ready to accept. Although Frege published the first informal exposition of his logicist programme in Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884), his thesis that all mathematics follows from logic was almost completely neglected in Germany for a long time. Frege remained an isolated figure whose works were either strongly criticised or completely neglected by German philosophers. Freges ideas started to have an impact in Germany only in the first decade of the twentieth century. In particular, the publication of Bertand Russells The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and Louis Couturats Les principes des mathmatiques (1905) incited several prominent German philosophers to state their opinion about mathematical logic and the logicist programme. In this paper I shall discuss how the neo-Kantians Paul Natorp (1854-1924), Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945) and Jonas Cohn (1869-1947) criticised Russells and Freges theories of number. The study of their criticism will also throw some light on the historical origins of the current situation in philosophy, that is, on the split between analytic and Continental philosophy. 1. The logicist definition of number as a class of classesAccording to Russell, the goal of the logicist programme is to show thatall pure mathematics deals exclusively with concepts definable in terms of a very small number of fundamental logical concepts, and that all its propositions are deducible from a very small number of fundamental logical principles (Russell 1903 v).

Comparison of Linguistic Differences in the Film and Novel of A Clockw

Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange - Linguistic Differences in the Film and Novel A Clockwork Orange, written by Anthony Burgess, is experienced other than as a fabrication than it is as the movie directed by Stanley Kubrick. The heart of the difference between the two forms is expressed by Bakhtin The potential for double-voiced talk over between the author and narrator is one of the most fundamental privileges of novelistic prose, a privilege available neither to dramatic nor to purely poetic genres (Bakhtin, 320).1 An entire dimension of the novels story is lost in the movie when Alexs role is reduced from narrator to commentator. The ability of Burgess to speak indirectly to the audience by dint of Alex is removed, and the perspective on the Clockwork world revealed through Nadsat, the language Alex speaks, is lost. However, this does not mean that the movie is less effective than, or an inferior medium to the novel. The main drive back of the story remains in the movie fo rm Kubrick utilizes the means, such as a musical score and the visual dimension, unique to the dramatic genre to arrest ways around the want of Nadsat and first person narration. He also tries to maintain the twisted sense of humor found in the book temporary hookup working to promote the audiences understanding of Alexs universe. Kubrick preserves the unusual opportunity A Clockwork Orange offers the audiencea chance to dump itself in Alexs character and actions, and have its nastier propensities titillated (Burgess ix)2 by Alexs ultra-violence, instead of being frightened away. In the novel, Burgess is able to speak indirectly through Alexs narration, telling the reader about the novels political setting as well as revealing Alexs (and perha... ... Nadsat, is lost. And with the loss of a large and comprehensive language such as Nadsat, goes part of Burgess voice. However, Kubrick does an excellent job of retaining the novels spirit and structure, even part offering his ow n interpretation. He takes advantage of the visual and auditory possibilities that the film medium presents to fill in the gap created by the removal of Nadsat, resulting in an reachable and satisfying movie. In both forms, A Clockwork Orange draws its audience into sympathizing with Alex and ultimately enjoying themselves as they rape and rip by proxy (Burgess ix).Works Cited 1. M.M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination (Austin University of Texas Press, 1981).2. Anthony Burgess, A Clockwork Orange (NewYork W.W. Norton & Company, 1986).3. A Clockwork Orange, prod. and dir. Stanley Kubrick, 137 min., Warner Bros., 1971.

Voltaire’s Views of Religion and State Expressed In Candide Essay

Voltaires Views of Religion and State Expressed In Candide Throughout Candide, Voltaire uses satire as a tool to reveal his controversial views regarding worship and State. He reveals the corruption, hypocrisy and immorality present in the way in which government and worship operated during his lifetime. Most particularly, he criticizes violent government deportment (ie war) and the behaviour of members of the aristocracy, who constituted the bulk of high ranking government and religious leaders. Through satirical comments made in Candide, Voltaire exposes the corruption and greed rife in the government. He also reveals his displeasure with the manner in which the parliamentary system operated, expressing the ineffectiveness and ineptness of power hungry politicians who refused to agree or compromise. Let us urinate without arguing, that is the only way to make life endurable. (Voltaire 1947). Voltaire also makes a poi... ...ugh powerful, intelligent use of satire, Voltaire m akes his personal views clear and encourages the reader to challenge the way in which religion and the State operate. BibliographyAndrews, Wayne. Voltaire. New York New Directions Pub. 1981 Gay, Peter. Voltaires Politics. New York Random House,1965 Weitz, Morris. Philosophy in literature. Detroit Wayne State Univ. Press.1963 Volatire, Francois-Marie, Candide, Penguin Publishers, New York, 1947.

The Causes of Substance Abuse Essay -- Drug Addiction Essays

Substance debauch is an issue that has disseminated in the society and is often regarded as the relic of a thoughtless materialism. A false belief regarding habituated individuals seems to be ingrained in the minds of the majority of the population (Sadava, 1987). This belief is very often accompanied by appalling mental images of addicts and a highly judgmental attitude (Sadava, 1987). As a result, the causes of habituation are still wrapped in obscurity. This paper aims to outline the most basic reasons that lead to substance smear and dependency, from the early developmental stage until late adolescence. First of all, when a child-bearing woman is using drugs, the substances are being transferred to the foetus through the umbilical cord (Bashmore, Ketchum, Staisch, Barrett, & Zimmermann, 1981). As a consequence, the foetus experiences the same physical symptoms as its mother, such as blood intoxication and spasms (Bashmore et al, 1981 Kreek, Nielsen, Butelmann, & LaFor ge, 2005). Substance abuse during pregnancy can cause free abortion, heart defects and low birth weight (Bashmore et al., 1981), as well as behavioral problems and addiction proneness for the offspring (Bashmore et al., 1981 Jdrzejczak, 2005). More specifically, substance abuse during pregnancy can elicit a series of chemical reactions in the developing brain of the foetus (Kreek et al., 2005). As a result, in the future animateness of the offspring, an environmental or a psychological stimulus may be enough to lead to substance abuse (Kreek et al., 2005).The experiences an individual has during his or her childhood are considered equally important prognosticators for using drugs. Witnessing a parent or a caretaker abusing substances is considered as an ... ...r and public policy. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall.Sihvola, E., Rose, R. J., Dick, D. M., Pulkkinen, L., Marttunen, M., & Kaprio, J. (2008). Early onset depressive disorders predict the use of addictive substances in adole scence A prospective study of adolescent Finnish twins. Addiction, 103(12), 2045-2053. doi10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02363.xSpooner, C. (1999). Causes and correlates of adolescent drug abuse and implications for treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, 18(4), 453-475. doi10.1080/09595239996329van Dalen, A. (2001). Juvenile rage and addiction Tangled roots in childhood trauma. Journal of Social Work Practice in The Addictions, 1(1), 25-40. doi10.1300/J160v01n01_04Zimi, J., & Juki, V. (2012). Familial risk factors favoring drug addiction onset. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 173-185. doi10.1080/02791072.2012.685408